Untukmencari tahu sudah seberapa kebal tubuh terhadap Covid-19, bisa dengan menjalani tes Antibodi SARS CoV 2 kuantitatif, yaitu suatu pemeriksaan untuk mendeteksi seberapa banyak protein antibodi, khususnya antibodi SARS CoV 2. WALTHAM Mass., (BUSINESS WIRE) -- EUROIMMUN, a PerkinElmer, Inc. company (NYSE: PKI), announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has Melakukanpemerikaandeteksivirus SARS-CoV-2 denganmetoderRT-PCR. Prinsipdasar RT-PCR danrealtime RT-PCR . Proses . pemeriksaan. rRT-PCR virus SARS-CoV-2. Menempel pada DNA anti-sense - Reverse primer : Menempel pada DNA sense. Kuantitatif. Dilakukandenganmenggunakan serial dilution (pengenceranbertingkat) darilarutanstandar Memang benar, sengaja kami melakukan tes serologi kuantitatif sehingga mendapatkan angka untuk melihat perkembangan setelah dua kali dilakukan penyuntikan vaksin ini dan hasilnya serum anti Hasildari tes serologi ini bisa reaktif dan non reaktif. Kalau hasilnya reaktif kemungkinan tubuh kamu mengandung antibodi SARS-CoV-2. Antibodi reaktif tidak selalu diartikan virus sedang aktif dalam tubuh. Antibodi juga bisa terdeteksi karena adanya infeksi yang terjadi di masa lampau. Jika dinyatakan reaktif, kamu perlu melakukan isolasi Les Rencontres D AprĂšs Minuit Streaming Vf. Evaluation of Three Quantitative Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Immunoassays Sabine Chapuy-Regaud et al. Microbiol Spectr. 2021. Free PMC article Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 emerged in December 2019 and caused a dramatic pandemic. Serological assays are used to check for immunization and assess herd immunity. We evaluated commercially available assays designed to quantify antibodies directed to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike S antigen, either total WantaĂŻ SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA or IgG SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant on Alinity, Abbott, and Liaison SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG, Diasorin. The specificities of the WantaĂŻ, Alinity, and Liaison assays were evaluated using 100 prepandemic sera and were 98, 99, and 97%, respectively. The sensitivities of all three were around 100% when tested on 35 samples taken 15 to 35 days postinfection. They were less sensitive for 150 sera from late infections >180 days. Using the first WHO international standard NIBSC, we showed that the Wantai results were concordant with the NIBSC values, while Liaison and Alinity showed a proportional bias of and 7, respectively. The results of the 3 immunoassays were significantly globally pairwise correlated and for late infection sera P < They were correlated for recent infection sera measured with Alinity and Liaison P < However, the Wantai results of recent infections were not correlated with those from Alinity or Liaison. All the immunoassay results were significantly correlated with the neutralizing antibody titers obtained using a live virus neutralization assay with the SARS-CoV-2 strain. These assays will be useful once the protective anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer has been determined. IMPORTANCE Standardization and correlation with virus neutralization assays are critical points to compare the performance of serological assays designed to quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in order to identify their optimal use. We have evaluated three serological immunoassays based on the virus spike antigen that detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies a microplate assay and two chemiluminescent assays performed with Alinity Abbott and Liaison Diasorin analysers. We used an in-house live virus neutralization assay and the first WHO international standard to assess the comparison. This study could be useful to determine guidelines on the use of serological results to manage vaccination and treatment with convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies. Keywords COVID; SARS-CoV-2; binding antibodies; immunoassay; neutralizing antibodies. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest. Figures FIG 1 Distribution of the results. A WantaĂŻ, B Liaison, and C Alinity assays according to patient groups. Black lines = median of each group. Red lines = manufacturer’s negative/positive threshold. Zero 0 values in the Liaison negative group n = 92, the Liaison late infection group n = 15, the Alinity negative group n = 14, and the Alinity late infection group n = 7 are not shown. FIG 2 ROC curves for WantaĂŻ black line, Liaison green line and Alinity red line. Gray line y = x. The AUROCs were WantaĂŻ 95% CI to Liaison 95% CI to and Alinity 95% CI to indicating their capacity to accurately detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. FIG 3 Quantification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies relative to the NIBSC international standard. Serial dilutions of the NIBSC 20/136 standard were assayed with the A WantaĂŻ, B Liaison, and C Alinity assay. Neutralizing antibodies NAb were also determined with a live method D. The black line represents the regression line and the dashed lines its 95% CI. The dashed red line represents the y = x line. AU arbitrary units. BAU binding antibody unit. The equations were y = x − slope 95% CI to y-intercept 95% CI − to for WantaĂŻ; y = x − slope 95% CI to y-intercept 95% CI − to for Liaison; y = x - slope 95% CI to y-intercept 95% CI − to for Alinity and y = x + slope 95% CI to y-intercept 95% CI − to for NAb titers. FIG 4 Correlation between the immunoassay results. Pairwise distribution of the WantaĂŻ, Liaison, and Alinity assays values for all positive results A to C, recent infections D to F, and late infections G to I. When the Spearman rank coefficient r indicated a significant correlation, the regression line was drawn. Dashed lines 95% CI limits. FIG 5 Immunoassays results and neutralizing antibody titers. Distribution of the WantaĂŻ, Liaison, and Alinity assay values and the NAb titers for all positive results A to C The NAb titers were determined in a live virus neutralization assay using the B strain. Spearman’s rank coefficients r and their P value are indicated. The box extends from the 25th to 75th percentiles and whiskers from minimal to maximal values. Similar articles Performance evaluation of three automated quantitative immunoassays and their correlation with a surrogate virus neutralization test in coronavirus disease 19 patients and pre-pandemic controls. Jung K, Shin S, Nam M, Hong YJ, Roh EY, Park KU, Song EY. Jung K, et al. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021 Sep;359e23921. doi Epub 2021 Aug 8. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021. PMID 34369009 Free PMC article. Inference of SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding neutralizing antibody titers in sera from hospitalized COVID-19 patients by using commercial enzyme and chemiluminescent immunoassays. Valdivia A, Torres I, Latorre V, FrancĂ©s-GĂłmez C, Albert E, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Alcaraz MJ, Buesa J, RodrĂ­guez-DĂ­az J, Geller R, Navarro D. Valdivia A, et al. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;403485-494. doi Epub 2021 Jan 6. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021. PMID 33404891 Free PMC article. Serological Assays for Assessing Postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response. Mahmoud SA, Ganesan S, Naik S, Bissar S, Zamel IA, Warren KN, Zaher WA, Khan G. Mahmoud SA, et al. Microbiol Spectr. 2021 Oct 31;92e0073321. doi Epub 2021 Sep 29. Microbiol Spectr. 2021. PMID 34585943 Free PMC article. Overview of Neutralization Assays and International Standard for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody. Liu KT, Han YJ, Wu GH, Huang KA, Huang PN. Liu KT, et al. Viruses. 2022 Jul 18;1471560. doi Viruses. 2022. PMID 35891540 Free PMC article. Review. Recent Developments in SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Detection Methods. Banga Ndzouboukou JL, Zhang YD, Fan XL. Banga Ndzouboukou JL, et al. Curr Med Sci. 2021 Dec;4161052-1064. doi Epub 2021 Dec 21. Curr Med Sci. 2021. PMID 34935114 Free PMC article. Review. Cited by Diagnostic performance of four lateral flow immunoassays for COVID-19 antibodies in Peruvian population. Calderon-Flores R, Caceres-Cardenas G, AlĂ­ K, De Vos M, Emperador D, CĂĄceres T, Eca A, Villa-Castillo L, Albertini A, Sacks JA, Ugarte-Gil C. Calderon-Flores R, et al. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023 Jun 2;36e0001555. doi eCollection 2023. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023. PMID 37267241 Free PMC article. Correlation of Postvaccination Fever With Specific Antibody Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 BNT162b2 Booster and No Significant Influence of Antipyretic Medication. Tani N, Ikematsu H, Goto T, Gondo K, Inoue T, Yanagihara Y, Kurata Y, Oishi R, Minami J, Onozawa K, Nagano S, Kuwano H, Akashi K, Shimono N, Chong Y. Tani N, et al. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Sep 23;910ofac493. doi eCollection 2022 Oct. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022. PMID 36267253 Free PMC article. Current immunoassays and detection of antibodies elicited by Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection. Migueres M, Chapuy-Regaud S, MiĂ©dougĂ© M, Jamme T, Lougarre C, Da Silva I, Pucelle M, Staes L, Porcheron M, DimĂ©glio C, Izopet J. Migueres M, et al. J Med Virol. 2023 Jan;951e28200. doi Epub 2022 Oct 17. J Med Virol. 2023. PMID 36207814 Free PMC article. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibodies after a fourth dose of COVID-19 vaccine in adult solid-organ transplant recipients. Perrier Q, Lupo J, Gerster T, Augier C, Falque L, Rostaing L, Pelletier L, Bedouch P, Blanc M, Saint-Raymond C, Boignard A, Bonadona A, Noble J, Epaulard O. Perrier Q, et al. Vaccine. 2022 Oct 19;40446404-6411. doi Epub 2022 Sep 6. Vaccine. 2022. PMID 36184404 Free PMC article. Can the COVID-19 Pandemic Improve the Management of Solid Organ Transplant Recipients? Del Bello A, Marion O, Izopet J, Kamar N. Del Bello A, et al. Viruses. 2022 Aug 24;1491860. doi Viruses. 2022. PMID 36146666 Free PMC article. Review. References Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si H-R, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang C-L, Chen H-D, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang R-D, Liu M-Q, Chen Y, Shen X-R, Wang X, Zheng X-S, Zhao K, Chen Q-J, Deng F, Liu L-L, Yan B, Zhan F-X, Wang Y-Y, Xiao G-F, Shi Z-L. 2020. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579270–273. doi - DOI - PMC - PubMed Olbrich L, Castelletti N, SchĂ€lte Y, GarĂ­ M, PĂŒtz P, Bakuli A, Pritsch M, Kroidl I, Saathoff E, Guggenbuehl Noller JM, Fingerle V, Le Gleut R, Gilberg L, Brand I, Falk P, Markgraf A, DeĂĄk F, Riess F, Diefenbach M, Eser T, Weinauer F, Martin S, Quenzel E-M, Becker M, Durner J, Girl P, MĂŒller K, Radon K, Fuchs C, Wölfel R, Hasenauer J, Hoelscher M, Wieser A, On Behalf Of The KoCo-Study Group null. 2021. Head-to-head evaluation of seven different seroassays including direct viral neutralisation in a representative cohort for SARS-CoV-2. J Gen Virol 102. doi - DOI - PMC - PubMed Montesinos I, Dahma H, Wolff F, Dauby N, Delaunoy S, Wuyts M, Detemmerman C, Duterme C, Vandenberg O, Martin C, Hallin M. 2021. Neutralizing antibody responses following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection Dynamics and correlation with commercial serologic tests. J Clin Virol 144104988. doi - DOI - PMC - PubMed Favresse J, Cadrobbi J, Eucher C, Elsen M, Laffineur K, DognĂ© J-M, Douxfils J. 2021. Clinical performance of three fully automated anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays targeting the nucleocapsid or spike proteins. J Med Virol 932262–2269. doi - DOI - PMC - PubMed Liu W, Liu L, Kou G, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Ni W, Wang Q, Tan L, Wu W, Tang S, Xiong Z, Zheng S. 2020. Evaluation of nucleocapsid and spike protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 58e00461-20. doi - DOI - PMC - PubMed Publication types MeSH terms Substances LinkOut - more resources Full Text Sources Atypon Europe PubMed Central PubMed Central Medical Genetic Alliance MedlinePlus Health Information Miscellaneous NCI CPTAC Assay Portal - Seperti diketahui, orang yang sudah pernah terinfeksi Covid-19 akan memiliki kekebalan tubuh atau antibodi terhadap serangan virus SARS-CoV-2 penyebab Covid-19 di masa depan. Namun, seberapa besar kekebalan tubuh orang yang pernah terpapar Covid-19?Mengenai persoalan ini, Dokter Spesialis Patologi Klinik Primaya Hospital Bekasi Barat dan Bekasi Timur, dr Muhammad Irhamsyah SpPK MKes angkat bicara. Irhamsyah menjelaskan bahwa terdapat metode pemeriksaan kekebalan tubuh manusia terhadap Covid-19 melalui pemeriksaan Antibodi SARS-CoV-2 kuantitatif. Baca juga Daftar 5 Kelompok Prioritas Vaksinasi Covid-19 Tahap Kedua, dari Guru hingga Pedagang Pemeriksaan Antibodi SARS-CoV-2 suatu pemeriksaan untuk mendeteksi suatu protein yang disebut antibodi, khususnya antibodi spesifik terhadap SARS-CoV-2 ini."Pemeriksaan ini dapat dilakukan pada orang-orang yang sudah pernah terinfeksi Covid-19, orang yang sudah mendapatkan vaksinasi, serta dapat digunakan untuk mengukur antibodi pada donor plasma konvalesen yang akan ditransfusikan,” kata Irhamsyah. Cara kerja pemeriksaan kuantitatif antibodi ECLIA Dijelaskan dr Irhamsyah, prinsip pemeriksaan kuantitatif antibodi spesifik SARS-CoV-2 ini menggunakan pemeriksaan laboratorium imunoserologi pada sebuah alat automatik autoanalyzer. Alat automatik ini dipergunakan untuk mendeteksi antibodi terhadap SAR-CoV-2. Pemeriksaan ini biasa disebut dengan Electro Chemiluminescence Immunoasssay ECLIA. ECLIA akan mendeteksi, mengikat, serta mengukur antibodi netralisasi. Sebagai informasi, antibodi netralisasi adalah antibodi yang dapat berikatan spesifik pada bagian struktur protein spike SARS-CoV-2. Protein spike adalah protein berbentuk paku yang tersebar di permukaan virus Covid-19, sebelum virus Covid-19 memasuki sel-sel pada tubuh kita dengan menggunakan label-label yang berikatan spesifik dengan antibodi netralisasi tersebut. Adapun, jenis sampel yang dapat digunakan dalam pemeriksaan ini yaitu sampel serum dan plasma dengan cara diambil darah vena. . 2021 Oct;2710 doi Epub 2021 Jun 7. Sheila F Lumley 2 , Jia Wei 3 , Stuart Cox 4 , Tim James 4 , Anita Justice 4 , Gerald Jesuthasan 4 , Denise O'Donnell 3 , Alison Howarth 3 , Stephanie B Hatch 3 , Brian D Marsden 5 , E Yvonne Jones 3 , David I Stuart 3 , Daniel Ebner 6 , Sarah Hoosdally 7 , Derrick W Crook 2 , Tim E A Peto 2 , Timothy M Walker 8 , Nicole E Stoesser 2 , Philippa C Matthews 2 , Koen B Pouwels 9 , A Sarah Walker 7 , Katie Jeffery 4 Affiliations PMID 34111577 PMCID PMC8180449 DOI Free PMC article Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses to Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines by previous infection status David W Eyre et al. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Oct. Free PMC article Abstract Objectives We investigated determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG responses in healthcare workers HCWs following one or two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech or Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Methods HCWs participating in regular SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody testing were invited for serological testing prior to first and second vaccination, and 4 weeks post-vaccination if receiving a 12-week dosing interval. Quantitative post-vaccination anti-spike antibody responses were measured using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay detection threshold ≄50 AU/mL. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of seropositivity and generalized additive models to track antibody responses over time. Results 3570/3610 HCWs were seropositive >14 days post first vaccination and prior to second vaccination 2706/2720 were seropositive after the Pfizer-BioNTech and 864/890 following the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Previously infected and younger HCWs were more likely to test seropositive post first vaccination, with no evidence of differences by sex or ethnicity. All 470 HCWs tested >14 days after the second vaccination were seropositive. Quantitative antibody responses were higher after previous infection median IQR >21 days post first Pfizer-BioNTech 14 604 7644-22 291 AU/mL versus 1028 564-1985 AU/mL without prior infection p 21 days post second Pfizer vaccination in those not previously infected, 10 058 6408-15 582 AU/mL, were similar to those after prior infection followed by one vaccine dose. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 vaccination leads to detectable anti-spike antibodies in nearly all adult HCWs. Whether differences in response impact vaccine efficacy needs further study. Keywords Antibody; Quantitative anti-spike antibody; SARS-CoV-2; Serology; Vaccine. Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. Figures Fig. 1 Anti-spike IgG-positive results by days since first vaccination, by prior infection status and vaccine received. Tests performed after a second dose of vaccine are not included. The number of tests performed and positive and the resulting percentage is shown under each bar. Fig. 2 The relationship between vaccine, age and probability of testing anti-spike IgG seropositive >14 days post first vaccination. Model predictions are shown using reference categories for sex and ethnicity white, female, respectively and in those without prior evidence of infection. Fig. 3 Modelled quantitative anti-spike IgG responses following first vaccination by vaccine and previous infection status. Panels A and B show responses in previously infected healthcare workers HCWs and panels C and D HCWs without evidence of previous infection. Panels A and C show data for those receiving Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine and panels B and D Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine. Model predictions are shown at three example ages 30, 45, and 60 years. The shaded ribbon shows the 95% confidence interval. Values are plotted from 7 days prior to vaccination to illustrate baseline values models are fitted using data from 28 days prior to vaccination onwards. Fig. 4 Modelled quantitative anti-spike IgG titres following second Pfizer–BioNTech vaccination by previous infection status. Panel A shows those who were previous infected including those previously infected at baseline or testing PCR-positive between vaccines and panel B those who had no evidence of previous infection. Model predictions are shown at three example ages 30, 45, and 60 years. The shaded ribbon shows the 95% confidence interval. Data were included in each model from 7 days before the second vaccination to allow pre-vaccination levels to be fitted correctly. Similar articles Low immunogenicity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among liver transplant recipients. Rabinowich L, Grupper A, Baruch R, Ben-Yehoyada M, Halperin T, Turner D, Katchman E, Levi S, Houri I, Lubezky N, Shibolet O, Katchman H. Rabinowich L, et al. J Hepatol. 2021 Aug;752435-438. doi Epub 2021 Apr 21. J Hepatol. 2021. PMID 33892006 Free PMC article. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Tozinameran Vaccination in Patients on Chronic Dialysis. Schrezenmeier E, Bergfeld L, Hillus D, Lippert JD, Weber U, Tober-Lau P, Landgraf I, Schwarz T, Kappert K, Stefanski AL, Sattler A, Kotsch K, Dörner T, Sander LE, Budde K, Halleck F, Kurth F, Corman VM, Choi M. Schrezenmeier E, et al. Front Immunol. 2021 Jun 30;12690698. doi eCollection 2021. Front Immunol. 2021. PMID 34276681 Free PMC article. Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania a national prospective cohort study. Maneikis K, Ć ablauskas K, RingelevičiĆ«tė U, Vaitekėnaitė V, Čekauskienė R, KryĆŸauskaitė L, Naumovas D, Banys V, PečeliĆ«nas V, Beinortas T, GriĆĄkevičius L. Maneikis K, et al. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;88e583-e592. doi Epub 2021 Jul 2. Lancet Haematol. 2021. PMID 34224668 Free PMC article. COVID-19 vaccines comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. Meo SA, Bukhari IA, Akram J, Meo AS, Klonoff DC. Meo SA, et al. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Feb;2531663-1669. doi Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021. PMID 33629336 Review. SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Are They Useful as Targets for COVID-19 Drugs and Vaccines? Mohammed MEA. Mohammed MEA. Curr Mol Med. 2022;22150-66. doi Curr Mol Med. 2022. PMID 33622224 Review. Cited by Tracking Changes in Mobility Before and After the First SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Using Global Positioning System Data in England and Wales Virus Watch Prospective Observational Community Cohort Study. Nguyen V, Liu Y, Mumford R, Flanagan B, Patel P, Braithwaite I, Shrotri M, Byrne T, Beale S, Aryee A, Fong WLE, Fragaszy E, Geismar C, Navaratnam AMD, Hardelid P, Kovar J, Pope A, Cheng T, Hayward A, Aldridge R; Virus Watch Collaborative. Nguyen V, et al. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023 Mar 8;9e38072. doi JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023. PMID 36884272 Free PMC article. Impact of BNT162b2 Booster Dose on SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Trimeric Spike Antibody Dynamics in a Large Cohort of Italian Health Care Workers. Renna LV, Bertani F, Podio A, Boveri S, Carrara M, Pinton A, Milani V, Spuria G, Nizza AF, Basilico S, Dubini C, Cerri A, Menicanti L, Corsi-Romanelli MM, Malavazos AE, Cardani R. Renna LV, et al. Vaccines Basel. 2023 Feb 17;112463. doi Vaccines Basel. 2023. PMID 36851340 Free PMC article. Robust specific RBD responses and neutralizing antibodies after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and CoronaVac vaccination in SARS-CoV-2- seropositive individuals. Fernandes ER, Taminato M, de Souza Apostolico J, Gabrielonni MC, Lunardelli VAS, Maricato JT, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Rosa DS. Fernandes ER, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob. 2023 May;22100083. doi Epub 2023 Feb 21. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob. 2023. PMID 36845213 Free PMC article. Durability of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covishield Vaccine Induced Antibody Response in Health Care Workers. Verma A, Goel A, Katiyar H, Tiwari P, Mayank, Sana A, Khetan D, Bhadauria DS, Raja A, Khokher N, Shalimar, Singh RK, Aggarwal A. Verma A, et al. Vaccines Basel. 2022 Dec 30;11184. doi Vaccines Basel. 2022. PMID 36679930 Free PMC article. The Influence of Two Priming Doses of Different Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines on the Production of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies After the Administration of the Pfizer/BioNTech Booster. Wolszczak Biedrzycka B, BieƄkowska A, SmoliƄska-FijoƂek E, Biedrzycki G, Dorf J. Wolszczak Biedrzycka B, et al. Infect Drug Resist. 2022 Dec 29;157811-7821. doi eCollection 2022. Infect Drug Resist. 2022. PMID 36600955 Free PMC article. References Folegatti Ewer Aley Angus B., Becker S., Belij-Rammerstorfer S. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;396467–478. - PMC - PubMed Wajnberg A., Amanat F., Firpo A., Altman Bailey Mansour M. Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months. Science. 2020;3701227–1230. - PMC - PubMed GeurtsvanKessel Okba Igloi Z., Bogers S., Embregts Laksono An evaluation of COVID-19 serological assays informs future diagnostics and exposure assessment. Nat Commun. 2020;113436. - PMC - PubMed Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency . 2020. MHRA guidance on coronavirus COVID-19 Walsh Frenck Falsey Kitchin N., Absalon J., Gurtman A. Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine candidates. N Engl J Med. 2020;3832439–2450. - PMC - PubMed MeSH terms Substances LinkOut - more resources Full Text Sources Elsevier Science Europe PubMed Central PubMed Central Medical Genetic Alliance MedlinePlus Health Information Miscellaneous NCI CPTAC Assay Portal IntroductionIt has been more than one year since the first reported case of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19, which has already cost more than 2 million lives Fortunately, vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 have been developed with record-breaking speed and vaccine programs are ongoing worldwide to take the pandemic under During this expansion of research focus from treatment to prevention of COVID-19, the immune evasion mechanism and immunopathogenic nature of SARS-CoV-2 adds uncertainty to the efficacy of this global vaccination During natural infection, SARS-CoV-2 could avoid the innate antiviral response mediated by interferons IFNs via an array of possible strategies,4,5 which not only leads to viral replication and spreading but also could delay or impair the adaptive immune response including T cell and antibody The significant prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA re-positive cases among discharged patients further raises the concern about the effectiveness and persistency of immune responses after natural Recent long-term follow-up surveys report significant decrease of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers 5 to 8 months after infection,10,11,12 but its correlation with reduced capacity of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and immune memory is still vaccination, equally important is the recovery and rehabilitation of COVID-19 Mild cases usually do not require hospitalization but may share similar long-lasting symptoms or discomforts with severe cases, which may reduce life quality after recovery from Also, cardiac magnet resonance imaging cMRI screening revealed surprisingly high prevalence of subclinical myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in recently recovered Due to the overloading of medical systems and the fear of in-hospital transmission, long-term follow-up studies of the structural and functional recovery of COVID-19-involved organs are still this prospective cohort study of recovered COVID-19 patients from Xiangyang, China, we aimed to assess long-term antibody response at 12 months after infection and comprehensively evaluate the structural and functional recovery of the lung and cardiovascular systems. We also attempted to identify potential risk factors associated with those long-term January 15 through 31 March 2020, a total of 307 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 at Xiangyang Central Hospital, which represented of 549 cases in the downtown and of 1175 cases city-wide. During hospitalization, 12 patients succumbed to COVID-19-induced respiratory distress or lethal infection, which translated to a mortality rate of in line with the citywide mortality rate of 40/1175. All 295 survivors were invited to participate in this study and the final cohort consisted of 121 survivors including 19 recovered from severe COVID-19 Supplementary Fig. 1. Clinical procedures were performed at Xiangyang Central Hospital between 25 December 2020 and 29 January and clinical features of participantsDemographic-wise, this cohort consisted of middle-aged Chinese population with an overall comorbidity prevalence of including hypertension and diabetes as the most common preexisting conditions, which was typical for the local agricultural and industrial population with a preference of high-salt diets Table 1. The participants of this study were among the earliest confirmed COVID-19 patients with virological confirmation dates as early as January 19, 2020. Standard of care consisted of antivirals, antibiotics, immunomodulants and supplemental oxygen was given to participants following CDC guidelines Supplementary Table 1. Only 1 in this cohort received invasive ventilation Supplementary Table 1, which reflected the dismal mortality rate among critically ill patients relying on respiratory Of note, the basic characteristics of this cohort were comparable with the entire population of COVID-19 survivors treated at this hospital Supplementary Table 2.Table 1 Characteristics of participants by COVID-19 severityFull size tableAfter stratifying the cohort by severity graded according to the guideline,21 severe groups had higher ages, less females, and more comorbidities Table 1. Severe group also presented more symptoms at admission, and received more aggressive immunomodulatory therapies, supplemental oxygen, and ICU care during hospitalization Supplementary Table 1. Both severe and non-severe groups share similar lengths since symptom onset, while the severe group had shorter periods since recovery because of longer hospitalization Table 1.Long-lasting SARS-CoV-2 antibody response 1-year after infectionFirst, blood samples were screened by colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assays GICA separately detecting IgM and IgG against At a median of 11 months post- infection, only 4% 95% CI, 2–10% participants returned positive IgM results, which included both positive and weakly positive results, while 62% 95% CI, 54–71% were IgG positive Table 1, comparing to prevalence of IgM among pre-discharge samples from the same Severe group showed higher prevalence of IgG, while the prevalence of IgM was equally low in both groups Table 1.Next, the concentration of total antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD was quantitatively measured by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassays CMIA.24 Although signal/cutoff S/CO ratios were lower in non-severe group, all but 1 of the results were above the positive diagnostic threshold of S/CO = when all 100 samples of unexposed individuals, which were randomly chosen from sera of in-hospital patients who had negative results from multiple PCR and serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 before and after the date of serum collection, had S/CO values participants were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and diagnosed with COVID-19 during January to March 2020. During their COVID-19 disease courses, they have received combinations of therapies including antivirals, immunomodulatory agents, antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, and ICU outcomes of this study were immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and functional recovery of the lung and other involved organs. Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 was assessed by multiple antibody assays. The colloidal gold-based test kit gave positive, weak positive, and negative readout of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG separately. The quantitative chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 RBD was performed according to manufacturer’s protocol and previous publication,24 and the results were deemed positive if the signal/cutoff S/CO ratio ≄1. For ELISA tests, results were recorded and analyzed as continuous variables and the limit of sensitivity was calculated as mean + 2 × SD of 20 serum samples negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in chemiluminescence assays. Functional recovery of the lung was assessed based on 1 current CT images comparing to images taken before discharge and during earlier follow-ups, 2 pulmonary function test results, and 3 six-minute walk test results. Recovery of the heart was assessed based on ECG, echocardiogram, and cardiac MRI scans. Recovery of other potentially involved organs were assessed by laboratory tests Roche Diagnostics.Sample sizeAn initial target sample size of 108 was determined based on the assumption of a 15 ratio of severe and non-severe COVID-19 patient enrollment and α = This sample size was calculated to have 90% power to detect a 10% difference of antibody concentrations. The final sample size exceeded the target in both analysisQuantitative data were presented in violin plots with all data points shown. Patient characteristics and clinical data were summarized as incidence with prevalence or median with IQR and were assessed with Fisher’s exact test dichotomous variables or χ2 test variables with more than two categories for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Antibody concentrations were log-transformed before being analyzed as continuous variables. The difference of antibody concentrations between groups were assessed by the Mann–Whitney U test two groups or Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc comparisons more than two groups. Special tests were mentioned in figure legends. Correlation was assessed by Spearman’s ρ test. Linearity between two factors was assessed by simple linear regression. Generalized linear models were used to assess factors associated with antibody titers. Analyses were performed using SPSS 26 IBM or Prism 9 GraphPad. Missing data were excluded pairwise from analyses. 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This work was supported by Xiangyang Science and Technology Bureau 2020YL10, 2020YL14, 2020YL17, and 2020YL39, National Natural Science Foundation of China 31501116, Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission JCYJ20190809100005672, Shenzhen Sanming Project of Medicine SZSM201911013, and US Department of Veterans Affairs 5I01BX001353.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally Yan Zhan, Yufang Zhu, Shanshan Wang, Shijun Jia, Yunling Gao, Yingying LuAuthors and AffiliationsDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441021, ChinaYan Zhan, Shanshan Wang, Peng Du, Hao Yu, Chang Liu & Peijun LiuDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441021, ChinaYufang Zhu, Caili Zhou & Ran LiangDepartment of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441021, ChinaShijun Jia & Feng WuDepartment of Research Affairs, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441021, ChinaYunling Gao & Jin ChengDepartment of Nephrology, Center of Nephrology and Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Seventh Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, ChinaYingying Lu, Zhihua Zheng & Peng HongDepartment of Biomedical Science, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, ChinaYingying LuDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xiangzhou District People’s Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441000, ChinaDingwen SunDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gucheng People’s Hospital, Affiliated Gucheng Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441700, ChinaXiaobo WangDivision of Quality Control, Xiangyang Central Blood Station, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441000, ChinaZhibing HouDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441021, ChinaQiaoqiao Hu & Yulan ZhengDepartment of Pathology, Mount Sinai St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, 10025, USAMiao CuiDepartment of Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, ChinaGangling TongDepartment of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen University Seventh Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, ChinaYunsheng Xu & Linyu ZhuDivision of Research and Development, US Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, 11209, USAPeng HongDepartment of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USAPeng HongAuthorsYan ZhanYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarYufang ZhuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarShanshan WangYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarShijun JiaYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarYunling GaoYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarYingying LuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarCaili ZhouYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarRan LiangYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarDingwen SunYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarXiaobo WangYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarZhibing HouYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarQiaoqiao HuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarPeng DuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarHao YuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarChang LiuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarMiao CuiYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarGangling TongYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarZhihua ZhengYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarYunsheng XuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarLinyu ZhuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarJin ChengYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarFeng WuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarYulan ZhengYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarPeijun LiuYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarPeng HongYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarContributionsY. Zhan and conceptualized the study; Y. Zhan, and recruited patients, performed physical examinations, and abstracted historic data; Y. Zhu, and performed laboratory tests and interpreted results; and conducted sonographic and radiological examinations and interpreted results; and Y. Zheng conducted PFT and interpreted results; Y. Zhan, and conducted functional tests, assessed rehabilitation status and interpreted data; and interpreted metabolic and immunological findings; Y. Zhan, and conducted data quality checks and performed statistical analyses; Y. Zhan and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final authorsCorrespondence to Feng Wu, Yulan Zheng, Peijun Liu or Peng declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary informationRights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original authors and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit Reprints and PermissionsAbout this articleCite this articleZhan, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, S. et al. SARS-CoV-2 immunity and functional recovery of COVID-19 patients 1-year after infection. Sig Transduct Target Ther 6, 368 2021. citationReceived 06 March 2021Revised 16 September 2021Accepted 20 September 2021Published 13 October 2021DOI . 2022 Jan;941388-392. doi Epub 2021 Aug 31. Affiliations PMID 34415572 PMCID PMC8426838 DOI Free PMC article Correlation between a quantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA and neutralization activity Ramona Dolscheid-Pommerich et al. J Med Virol. 2022 Jan. Free PMC article Abstract In the current COVID-19 pandemic, a better understanding of the relationship between merely binding and functionally neutralizing antibodies is necessary to characterize protective antiviral immunity following infection or vaccination. This study analyzes the level of correlation between the novel quantitative EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA IgG and a microneutralization assay. A panel of 123 plasma samples from a COVID-19 outbreak study population, preselected by semiquantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing, was used to assess the relationship between the novel quantitative ELISA IgG and a microneutralization assay. Binding IgG targeting the S1 antigen was detected in 106 samples using the QuantiVac ELISA, while 89 samples showed neutralizing antibody activity. Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive relationship between anti-S1 IgG levels and neutralizing antibody titers rs = p < High and low anti-S1 IgG levels were associated with a positive predictive value of for high-titer neutralizing antibodies and a negative predictive value of for low-titer neutralizing antibodies, respectively. These results substantiate the implementation of the QuantiVac ELISA to assess protective immunity following infection or vaccination. Keywords COVID-19; ELISA; SARS-CoV-2; microneutralization. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Conflict of interest statement Sandra Saschenbrecker and Katja Steinhagen are employed by EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, a manufacturer of diagnostic reagents and co‐owner of a patent application pertaining to the detection of antibodies to the SARS‐CoV‐2 S1 antigen. Katja Steinhagen is designated as an inventor. The other authors declare that there are no conflict of interests. Figures Figure 1 Correlation between quantitative ELISA and microneutralization assay. Binding anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 S1 IgG was determined quantitatively using the QuantiVac ELISA and titers of neutralizing antibodies were determined using the CPE reduction NT assay n = 123. Neutralization titers correspond to reciprocal plasma dilutions protecting 50% of the wells at incubation with 100 TCID50 of SARS‐CoV‐2. Samples with a cytopathic effect CPE equal or similar to the negative control are depicted on the y‐axis. 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